Food intake, body composition and physical assessments in young male and fe-male soccer players
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S1.1398Keywords:
Feeding Behavior, Body Composition, Nutrition Assessment, Exercise, Soccer, Sex CharacteristicsAbstract
Introduction: Few studies have analysed the nutritional habits, body composition and physical condition of young soccer players among different categories and further differentiating between males and females. Therefore, the aim was to analyze differences in food consumption habits, body composition parameters and physical performance among young soccer players.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed during the 2019-2020 competitive season. Forty-eight soccer players (16-18 years) were classified by age and sex into three groups: under 16 and under 18 years males (U16 and U18), and under 16 years females (U16 female). Food habits, anthropometry, body composition and physical performance variables were collected. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with least significant difference post hoc comparison (Bonferroni correction) was used.
Results: We found that U16 females consumed lower pork and bread and higher mollusk and shellfish than males (p<0.05). U16 males consumed less fruits (p<0.05) and more olive oil (p<0.05) than U16 females and had lower muscle mass in lower limbs than U18 male (p<0.05, ES=0.80-0.96); males showed higher muscle mass in lower limbs (p<0.01, ES=1.80-2.59) and lower %fat than females (p<0.01, ES=1.73); and U18 males presented higher weight than females (p<0.01, ES=1.64). U18 males showed better performances (p<0.05-0.01, ES=0.90-1.38) in maximal sprint trials (40-m length), counter movements jumps (CMJ) and CMJ with dominant leg, maximal bilateral horizontal jumps (HJ), HJ with dominant and non-dominant leg than U16 males. Males showed better results in linear straight sprint test (LSST, p<0.05; ES=1.66-5.16), change of direction ability (CODA, p<0.05; ES=2.82-5.46) and jumping (p<0.05; ES=1.60-4.12) performances.
Conclusion: In conclusion, sex- and age- specific differences were detected in the healthier dietary practices and body composition parameter in youth of soccer players. Also, better physical performances were found as age increases, except for CODA, and males exhibited higher performances in LSST, CODA and jumping than females.
Downloads
References
Reilly T, Bangsbo J, Franks A. Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(9):669-83, doi: 10.1080/02640410050120050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050
Mujika I, Halson S, Burke LM, Balagué G, Farrow D. An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports. Int J Sports Physiol Per-form. 2018;13(5):538-61, doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093
Kirkendall DT. Effects of nutrition on performance in soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(12):1370-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199312000-00009
Högström GM, Pietilä T, Nordström P, Nordström A. Body composition and perfor-mance: influence of sport and gender among adolescents. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(7):1799-804, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237e8da. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237e8da
Close GL, Sale C, Baar K, Bermon S. Nutrition for the Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Track and Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29(2):189-97, doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0290
Beck KL, Thomson JS, Swift RJ, von Hurst PR. Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery. Open Access J Sports Med. 2015;6:259-67, doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S33605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S33605
Purcell LK, Canadian Paediatric Society, Paediatric Sports and Exercise Medicine Section. Sport nutrition for young athletes. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18(4):200-5, doi: 10.1093/pch/18.4.200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/18.4.200
Devlin BL, Leveritt MD, Kingsley M, Belski R. Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Nutrition Knowledge of Australian Football and Soccer Players: Implications for Sports Nutrition Profes-sionals in Practice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27(2):130-8, doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0191
Gil S, Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Gil J, Irazusta J. Selection of young soccer players in terms of an-thropometric and physiological factors. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007;47(1):25-32.
Hidalgo y Terán Elizondo R, Martín Bermudo FM, Peñaloza Méndez R, Berná Amorós G, Lara Padilla E, Berral de la Rosa FJ. Nutritional intake and nutritional status in elite Mexican teenagers soccer players of different ages. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2015;32(4):1735-43, doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.32.4.8788.
Reilly T, Williams AM, Nevill A, Franks A. A multidisciplinary approach to talent identifica-tion in soccer. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(9):695-702, doi: 10.1080/02640410050120078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120078
le Gall F, Carling C, Williams M, Reilly T. Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of in-ternational, professional and amateur male graduate soccer players from an elite youth acad-emy. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(1):90-5, doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.004
Keen R. Nutrition-Related Considerations in Soccer: A Review. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2018;47(12), doi: 10.12788/ajo.2018.0100.
Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Gil S, Irazusta J, Casis L, Gil J. Nutritional intake in soccer players of different ages. J Sports Sci. 2005;23(3):235-42, doi: 10.1080/02640410410001730160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730160
de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Ruiz ZV, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sampson L, Martinez-González MA. Re-producibility of an FFQ validated in Spain. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(9):1364-72, doi: 10.1017/S1368980009993065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009993065
Trinidad Rodríguez I, Fernández Ballart J, Cucó Pastor G, Biarnés Jordà E, Arija Val V. Validación de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario corto: reproducibilidad y validez. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2008;23(3):242-52.
Martin-Moreno JM, Boyle P, Gorgojo L, Maisonneuve P, Fernandez-Rodriguez JC, Salvini S, et al. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire in Spain. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22(3):512-9, doi: 10.1093/ije/22.3.512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.3.512
Ochoa MC, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA, Marti A, GENOI Members. Predictor factors for childhood obesity in a Spanish case-control study. Nutrition. 2007;23(5):379-84, doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.02.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.02.004
Ruiz De Eguilaz MH, Martínez de Morentín B, Pérez-Diez S, et al. Comparative study of body composition measures by dual X-ray absortiometry, bioimpedance and skinfolds in women. An R Acad Nac Farm. 2010;76:209-222.
Fan B, Shepherd JA, Levine MA, Steinberg D, Wacker W, Barden HS, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry reference data for GE Lunar systems. J Clin Densitom. 2014;17(3):344-77, doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.019
Castillo D, Raya-González J, Manuel Clemente F, Yanci J. The influence of youth soccer players’ sprint performance on the different sided games’ external load using GPS devices. Res Sports Med. 2020;28(2):194-205, doi: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1643726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2019.1643726
Sheppard JM, Young WB. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(9):919-32, doi: 10.1080/02640410500457109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109
Ramírez-Campillo R, Burgos CH, Henríquez-Olguín C, Andrade DC, Martínez C, Álvarez C, et al. Effect of unilateral, bilateral, and combined plyometric training on explosive and endur-ance performance of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(5):1317-28, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000762
Gonzalo-Skok O, Tous-Fajardo J, Arjol-Serrano JL, Suarez-Arrones L, Casajús JA, Mendez-Villanueva A. Improvement of Repeated-Sprint Ability and Horizontal-Jumping Performance in Elite Young Basketball Players With Low-Volume Repeated-Maximal-Power Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(4):464-73, doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0612
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Bibiloni M del M, Pich J, Pons A, Tur JA. Body image and eating patterns among adoles-cents. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1104, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1104
Nattiv A, Puffer JC, Green GA. Lifestyles and health risks of collegiate athletes: a multi-center study. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7(4):262-72, doi: 10.1097/00042752-199710000-00004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199710000-00004
Russell M, Pennock A. Dietary analysis of young professional soccer players for 1 week dur-ing the competitive season. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(7):1816-23, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e7fbdd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e7fbdd
Neuhouser ML, Patterson RE, Thornquist MD, Omenn GS, King IB, Goodman GE. Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(4):350-8.
Iglesias-Gutiérrez E, García A, García-Zapico P, Pérez-Landaluce J, Patterson AM, García-Rovés PM. Is there a relationship between the playing position of soccer players and their food and macronutrient intake? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37(2):225-32, doi: 10.1139/h11-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-152
Livingstone MB, Robson PJ. Measurement of dietary intake in children. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000;59(2):279-93, doi: 10.1017/s0029665100000318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665100000318
García-Rovés PM, García-Zapico P, Patterson AM, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E. Nutrient intake and food habits of soccer players: analyzing the correlates of eating practice. Nutrients. 2014;6(7):2697-717, doi: 10.3390/nu6072697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072697
Caccialanza R, Cameletti B, Cavallaro G Nutritional Intake of Young Italian High-Level Soc-cer Players: Under-Reporting is the Essential Outcome. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6(4):538-42.
Sanfilippo J, Krueger D, Heiderscheit B, Binkley N. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition in NCAA Division I Athletes: Exploration of Mass Distribution. Sports Health. 2019;11(5):453-60, doi: 10.1177/1941738119861572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738119861572
Demerath EW, Towne B, Wisemandle W, Blangero J, Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM. Serum lep-tin concentration, body composition, and gonadal hormones during puberty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(7):678-85, doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800902
Araújo J, Barros H, Severo M, Lopes C, Ramos E. Longitudinal changes in adiposity during adolescence: a population-based cohort. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004380, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004380
Nikolaidis PT, Vassilios Karydis N. Physique and body composition in soccer players across adolescence. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(2):75-82, doi: 10.5812/asjsm.34782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34782
Gouvea M, Cyrino ES, Ribeiro AS, da Silva DRP, Ohara D, Valente-Dos-Santos J, et al. Influ-ence of Skeletal Maturity on Size, Function and Sport-specific Technical Skills in Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(6):464-9, doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1569370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1569370
Pettersson U, Nordström P, Alfredson H, Henriksson-Larsén K, Lorentzon R. Effect of high impact activity on bone mass and size in adolescent females: A comparative study between two different types of sports. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67(3):207-14, doi: 10.1007/s002230001131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002230001131
Pilis K, Stec K, Pilis A, Mroczek A, Michalski C, Pilis W. Body composition and nutrition of female athletes. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2019;70(3):243-51, doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2019.0074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2019.0074
Stanforth PR, Crim BN, Stanforth D, Stults-Kolehmainen MA. Body composition changes among female NCAA division 1 athletes across the competitive season and over a multiyear time frame. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):300-7, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20f06. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a20f06
Suarez-Arrones L, Lara-Lopez P, Torreno N, Saez de Villarreal E, Di Salvo V, Mendez-Villanueva A. Effects of Strength Training on Body Composition in Young Male Professional Soc-cer Players. Sports (Basel). 2019;7(5):E104, doi: 10.3390/sports7050104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050104
Bernal-Orozco MF, Posada-Falomir M, Quiñónez-Gastélum CM, Plascencia-Aguilera LP, Arana-Nuño JR, Badillo-Camacho N, et al. Anthropometric and Body Composition Profile of Young Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(7):1911-23, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003416
Baron J, Bieniec A, Swinarew AS, Gabryś T, Stanula A. Effect of 12-Week Functional Training Intervention on the Speed of Young Footballers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):E160, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010160
Castillo D, Lago-Rodríguez A, Domínguez-Díez M, Sánchez-Díaz S, Rendo-Urteaga T, Soto-Célix M, et al. Relationships between Players’ Physical Performance and Small-Sided Game Ex-ternal Responses in a Youth Soccer Training Context. Sustainability. 2020;12(11):4482, doi: 10.3390/su12114482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114482
Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Peltola E, Mendez-Villanueva A. Assessing maximal sprinting speed in highly trained young soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012;7(1):76-8, doi: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.1.76
Castagna C, Castellini E. Vertical jump performance in Italian male and female national team soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(4):1156-61, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182610999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182610999
Nikolaidis P. Age-related Differences in Countermovement Vertical Jump in Soccer Players 8-31 Years Old: the Role of Fat-free Mass. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2014;2:60-4, doi: 10.12691/ajssm-2-2-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-2-2-1
Loturco I, Jeffreys I, Abad CCC, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Pereira LA, et al. Change-of-direction, speed and jump performance in soccer players: a comparison across different age-categories. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(11-12):1279-85, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1574276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1574276
Loturco I, Jeffreys I, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Ramirez-Campillo R, Zanetti V, et al. Accelera-tion and Speed Performance of Brazilian Elite Soccer Players of Different Age-Categories. J Hum Kinet. 2018;64:205-18, doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0195
Mendez-Villanueva A, Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Douglas A, Peltola E, Bourdon P. Age-related differences in acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(5):477-84, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.536248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.536248
Papaiakovou G, Giannakos A, Michailidis C, Patikas D, Bassa E, Kalopisis V, et al. The ef-fect of chronological age and gender on the development of sprint performance during child-hood and puberty. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(9):2568-73, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c0d8ec. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c0d8ec
Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(3):802-11, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0
Ramírez-Campillo R, Vergara-Pedreros M, Henríquez-Olguín C, Martínez-Salazar C, Alvarez C, Nakamura FY, et al. Effects of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in male and female soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(8):687-93, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1068439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1068439
Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisloff U, Hoff J Aerobic endurance training improves soccer perfor-mance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1925-31, doi: 10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019
Meylan CMP, Cronin JB, Oliver JL, Rumpf MC Sex-related differences in explosive actions during late childhood. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2097-104, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000377
Haizlip KM, Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Sex-based differences in skeletal muscle kinetics and fiber-type composition. Physiology (Bethesda). 2015;30(1):30-9, doi: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00024.2014
Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of ten-don structures. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;88(6):520-6, doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0744-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0744-8
Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Decrease in neuromuscular control about the knee with mat-uration in female athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(8):1601-8, doi: 10.2106/00004623-200408000-00001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200408000-00001
Thomas C, Dos’Santos T, Comfort P, Jones PA Male and female soccer players exhibit dif-ferent knee joint mechanics during pre-planned change of direction. Sports Biomechanics. 2020;0(0):1-14, doi: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1830160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1830160
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 María Soto-Célix, Silvia Sánchez-Díaz, Daniel Castillo, Javier Raya-González, Marta Domínguez-Díez, Ángel Lago-Rodríguez, Tara Rendo-Urteaga
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This journal 