De la Microbiota a la Salud: Influencia de la Dieta, Métodos de Análisis y Retos Regulatorios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.29.4.2381Palabras clave:
microbioma, gastrointestinal, disbiosis, dieta mediterránea, probióticos, prebióticosResumen
El estudio de la microbiota intestinal tiene una gran relevancia en la comprensión de la salud humana y su relación con diversas enfermedades. La microbiota, compuesta por un complejo ecosistema de microorganismos, juega un papel crucial en funciones esenciales como la inmunomodulación y el metabolismo. Las alteraciones en este sistema, conocidas como disbiosis, están vinculadas a patologías como enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, trastornos metabólicos y psiquiátricos. Avances recientes en herramientas analíticas han permitido no solo caracterizar la composición de la microbiota sino también entender su funcionalidad y las interacciones con el huésped. Este artículo examina las metodologías más recientes para el análisis de la microbiota, incluyendo la secuenciación de ARN ribosomal 16S, metagenómica completa, y técnicas como la metabolómica y la metaproteómica, destacando sus ventajas y limitaciones. Además, se discute el impacto significativo de la dieta en la composición y funcionalidad de la microbiota. Se abordan las influencias de los alimentos ultraprocesados y las dietas ricas en fibra, y cómo estas pueden modificar el equilibrio microbiano. Por otra parte, se explora la comercialización de análisis de microbiota que,, pese a su popularidad y promesas de beneficios para la salud, enfrentan críticas por la falta de regulación y estandarización. Este escenario refuerza la necesidad de un marco regulatorio más estricto para garantizar la fiabilidad y seguridad de estos análisis. En conclusión, mientras que los estudios de microbiota ofrecen perspectivas prometedoras para el desarrollo de terapias personalizadas y la mejora de la salud intestinal y general, también presentan desafíos significativos que requieren un enfoque riguroso y regulado para maximizar su potencial clínico y terapéutico. El artículo subraya la importancia de un enfoque personalizado en el manejo de la microbiota, considerando la variabilidad individual y los factores ambientales.
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Derechos de autor 2020 Martina Baizan-Urgell, Manuel Bernabeu, Ana Enríquez-Belenguer, Eduard Flores Ventura, Noemi Navarro-Lleó, Aroa Rodriguez, Anna Samarra, Anna Valls-Verdoy, Raúl Cabrera-Rubio
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