Patrones sociales de la obesidad en España: Una revisión sistemática de la relación del nivel de educación y obesidad

Autores/as

  • Alison K Cohen UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology. Berckeley, United States.
  • Paul J Christine University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor (Michigan), United States.
  • Abdulrahman M El-Sayed Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York (New York), United States.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.2.13

Palabras clave:

clase social, epidemiología, sobrepeso, obesidad, nivel educativo, revisión

Resumen

Introducción: En países de altos ingresos de todo el mundo, parece haber una asociación inversa entre el nivel educativo y la obesidad. Sin embargo, la literatura sobre esta asociación en España está desordenada y desigual.

Material y Métodos: Examinamos sistemáticamente los estudios en inglés o en español de esta asociación en España de 10 bases de datos de todos los períodos de tiempo disponible.

Resultados: La búsqueda identificó veinticuatro estudios. Tanto en estudios representativos a nivel nacional como sub-nacional, las mujeres con menos educación tenían mayores probabilidades de obesidad que sus homólogas más educadas. Los hombres, a pesar de exhibir una mayor variabilidad en la relación del nivel educativo y obesidad, también demostraron un patrón social similar de peso corporal en muchos estudios. Los niveles más bajos de educación mostraban mayor probabilidad
de padecer obesidad en comparación con sus contrapartes de mayor nivel de instrucción. Estas asociaciones, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, a pesar de existir algunas variaciones regionales, eran bastante consistentes a través del tiempo y lugar.

Discusión y conclusiones: Animamos a los futuros investigadores para avanzar hacia estimaciones imparciales y más coherentes de la asociación entre nivel educativo y la obesidad mediante el uso de exámenes físicos para la medición de talla y peso, el control de un conjunto más robusto de los posibles factores de confusión, y la exploración de potenciales factores de modificación de la asociación. Además, cuando sea posible, animamos a los investigadores a emplear diseños prospectivos de estudio que faciliten la inferencia causal en relación con esta asociación.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Berghöfer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, et al. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:200. PMID: 18533989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-200

Valdés Pizarro J, Royo-Bordonada MA. Prevalence of childhood obesity in Spain: National Health Survey 2006-2007. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(1):154–160. PMID: 22566315

Regidor E, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, de los Santos Ichaso M, Fernández E. Trends in principal cancer risk factors in Spain. Annals of Oncology. 2010;21(Supplement 3):iii37–iii42. PMID: 20427359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq086

Cámara AD, Spijker JJ. Super size Spain? A cross-sectional and quasi-cohort trend analysis of adult overweight and obesity in an accelerated transition country. J Biosoc Sci. 2010;42(3):377–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932009990629

Basterra-Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Bes-Rastrollo M, Toledo E, García-López M, Martínez-González MA. [Increasing trend in the prevalence of morbid obesity in Spain: from 1.8 to 6.1 per thousand in 14 years]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(5):424–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2010.06.015

Font JC, Fabbri D, Gil J. Decomposing cross-country differences in levels of obesity and overweight: does the social environment matter? Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(8):1185–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.011

Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867

Wellman NS, Friedberg B. Causes and consequences of adult obesity: health, social and economic impacts in the United States. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11 (Suppl 8):S705–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.6.x

Müller-Riemenschneider F, Reinhold T, Berghöfer A, Willich SN. Health-economic burden of obesity in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(8):499–509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9239-1

Rabin BA, Boehmer TK, Brownson RC. Cross-national comparison of environmental and policy correlates of obesity in Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(1):53–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl073

Black JL, Macinko J. Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(1):2–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00001.x

Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev. 2003;4(4):187–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00117.x

Molnar BE, Gortmaker SL, Bull FC, Buka SL. Unsafe to play? Neighborhood disorder and lack of safety predict reduced physical activity among urban children and adolescents. Am J Health Promot. 2004;18(5):378–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.5.378

Lawlor DA, Batty GD, Morton SM, Clark H, Macintyre S, Leon DA. Childhood socioeconomic position, educational attainment, and adult cardiovascular risk factors: the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(7):1245–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.041129

Galesic M, Garcia-Retamero R. Statistical numeracy for health: a cross-cultural comparison with probabilistic national samples. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(5):462–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.481

Nelson M, Erens B, Bates B, Church S, Boshier T. Low income diet and nutrition survey. London: Food Standards Agency; 2007.

El-Sayed AM, Scarborough P, Galea S. Unevenly distributed: a systematic review of the health literature about socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity in the United Kingdom. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-18

Singh-Manoux A, Gourmelen J, Lajnef M, Sabia S, Sitta R, Menvielle G, et al. Prevalence of educational inequalities in obesity between 1970 and 2003 in France. Obes Rev. 2009;10(5):511–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00596.x

Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Lissau I, Lahelma E. The social patterning of relative body weight and obesity in Denmark and Finland. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(1):36–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki160

Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Banegas JR, Artalejo FR, Regidor E. Increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among Spanish adults, 1987-1997. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(12):1677–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801445

Alcácera MA, Marques-Lopes I, Fajó-Pascual M, Puzo J, Blas-Pérez J, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Lifestyle Factors Associated with BMI in a Spanish Graduate Population: The SUN Study. Obes Facts. 2008;1(2):80–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000124237

Aranceta J, Rodrigo CP, Majem LS, et al. Prevalencia de la obesidad en España: estudio SEEDO'97. Med Clin (Barc). 1998;111(12):441–5.

Aranceta J, Perez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majem L, Ribas L, Quiles-Izquierdo J, Vioque J, et al. Influence of sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of obesity in Spain. The SEEDO'97 Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(6):430–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601189

Aranceta J, Pérez Rodrigo C, Serra Majem L, Ribas Barba L, Quiles Izquierdo J, Vioque J, et al. Prevalencia de la obesidad en España: resultados del estudio SEEDO 2000. Med Clin (Barc). 2003;120(16):608–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1157/13046926

Rodríguez-Artalejo F, López García E, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Banegas Banegas JR, Lafuente Urdinguio PJ, Domínguez Rojas V. Changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their risk factors in Spain, 1987-1997. Prev Med. 2002;34(1):72–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0962

Cirera L, Tormo MJ, Chirlaque MD, Navarro C. Cardiovascular risk factors and educational attainment in Southern Spain: a study of a random sample of 3091 adults. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14(8):755–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007596222217

García-Mendizábal MJ, Carrasco JM, Pérez-Gómez B, Aragonés N, Guallar-Castillón P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. Role of educational level in the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among rural Spanish women. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-120

Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Regidor E, Rodríguez C. Trends in obesity differences by educational level in Spain. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(3):351–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00535-8

Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, López E, Banegas JR, Graciani A, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in elderly people in Spain. Obes Res. 2004;12(4):710–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.83

Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Rodríguez Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas Banegas JR, del Rey Calero J. Determinants of geographical variations in body mass index (BMI) and obesity in Spain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(4):342–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800823

Martín AR, Nieto JM, Ruiz JP, Jiménez LE. Overweight and obesity: the role of education, employment and income in Spanish adults. Appetite. 2008;51(2):266–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.021

Martínez-Ros MT, Tormo MJ, Navarro C, Chirlaque MD, Pérez-Flores D. Extremely high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Murcia, a Mediterranean region in south-east Spain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(9):1372–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801684

Mataix J, López-Frías M, Martínez-de-Victoria E, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Llopis J. Factors associated with obesity in an adult Mediterranean population: influence on plasma lipid profile. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(6):456–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2005.10719491

Roskam A-JR, Kunst AE. The predictive value of different socio-economic indicators for overweight in nine European countries. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(12):1256–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002747

Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G, Esteva de Antonio I, Ruiz de Adana MS, Catalá M, Merelo MJ, et al. Prevalence of obesity in south-east Spain and its relation with social and health factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(1):33–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJEP.0000013254.93980.97

Sotillo C, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, López-Frías M, Sánchez C, Llopis J. Body composition in an adult population in southern Spain: influence of lifestyle factors. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007;77(6):406–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.77.6.406

Tur JA, Serra-Majem L, Romaguera D, Pons A. Profile of Overweight and Obese People in a Mediterranean Region. Obes Res. 2005;13(3):527–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.56

Vioque J, Torres A, Quiles J. Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(12):1683–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801434

Ortiz-Moncada R, Alvarez-Dardet C, Miralles-Bueno JJ, Ruíz-Cantero MT, Dal Re-Saavedra MA, Villar-Villalba C, et al. [Social determinants of overweight and obesity in Spain in 2006]. Med Clin (Barc). 2011;137(15):678–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.12.025

Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillon P, León-Muñoz LM, Graciani A, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study. Obes Rev. 2012;13(4):388–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00964.x

Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Regidor E, Banegas Banegas JR, Rodríguez Artalejo F. The size of obesity differences associated with educational level in Spain, 1987 and 1995/97. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(6):457–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.6.457

Molarius A, Seidell JC, Sans S, Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K. Educational level, relative body weight, and changes in their association over 10 years: an international perspective from the WHO MONICA Project. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(8):1260–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1260

Roskam A-JR, Kunst AE, Van Oyen H, Demarest S, Klumbiene J, Regidor E, et al. Comparative appraisal of educational inequalities in overweight and obesity among adults in 19 European countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(2):392–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp329

García-Alvarez A, Serra-Majem L, Ribas-Barba L, Castell C, Foz M, Uauy R, et al. Obesity and overweight trends in Catalonia, Spain (1992-2003): Gender and socio-economic determinants. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(11A):1368–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007000973

McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:29–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm001

Ziraba AK, Fotso JC, Ochako R. Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor? BMC Public Health. 2009;9:465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-465

Jacoby E, Goldstein J, López A, Núñez E, López T . Social class, family, and life-style factors associated with overweight and obesity among adults in Peruvian cities. Prev Med. 2003;37(5):396–405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00159-2

Boissonnet C, Schargrodsky H, Pellegrini F, Macchia A, Marcet Champagne B, Wilson E, et al. Educational inequalities in obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome in seven Latin American cities: the CARMELA Study.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011;18(4):550–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826710389418

Linetzky B, De Maio F, Ferrante D, Konfino J, Boissonnet C. Sex-stratified socio-economic gradients in physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes: evidence of short-term changes in Argentina. Int J Public Health. 2013;58(2):277-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0371-z

Marques-Vidal P, Paccaud F, Ravasco P. Ten-year trends in overweight and obesity in the adult Portuguese population, 1995 to 2005. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-772

Jones-Smith JC, Gordon-Larsen P, Siddiqi A, Popkin BM. Emerging disparities in overweight by educational attainment in Chinese adults (1989-2006). Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(6):866–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.134

Monteiro CA, Moura EC, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: a review. Bull. World Health Organ. 2004;82(12):940–6.

Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):1008–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309303291406

Yu Y. Educational differences in obesity in the United States: a closer look at the trends. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(4):904–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.307

Buttenheim A, Goldman N, Pebley AR, Wong R, Chung C. Do Mexican immigrants “import” social gradients in health to the US? Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(7):1268–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.025

Descargas

Publicado

2013-06-19

Cómo citar

Cohen, A. K., Christine, P. J., & El-Sayed, A. M. (2013). Patrones sociales de la obesidad en España: Una revisión sistemática de la relación del nivel de educación y obesidad. Revista Española De Nutrición Humana Y Dietética, 17(2), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.2.13

Número

Vol. 17 Núm. 2 (2013): Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética

Sección

Artículos de investigación
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC