Anemia ferropénica en el deporte e intervenciones dietético-nutricionales preventivas

Autores/as

  • Aritz Urdampilleta Centro Público de Enseñanzas Deportivas. Kirolene. Gobierno Vasco. Asesor Nutricional y Deportivo. NUTRIAKTIVE. Asesoramiento Científico-Técnico para la Planificación Deportiva.
  • José Miguel Martínez-Sanz Asesor Nutricional y Deportivo. NUTRIAKTIVE. Asesoramiento Científico-Técnico para la Planificación Deportiva. Departamento de Enfermería. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Alicante.
  • Juan Mielgo-Ayuso Centro Riojano de Nutrición Haro. Dietista-Nutricionista del Club voleibol Haro, La Rioja

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.4.16

Palabras clave:

Anemia ferropénica, Deporte, Rendimiento deportivo, Hierro dietético.

Resumen

La anemia ferropénica en los deportistas es una afección muy frecuente que conduce a un menor rendimiento físico. Los deportistas son susceptibles al descenso de los depósitos de hierro, fundamentalmente por un incremento en su utilización, por su pérdida, o por una ingesta insuficiente. El presente artículo pretende revisar la literatura científica respecto a: qué deportes-deportistas tienen mayor riesgo de padecer anemia, la etiología de la anemia ferropénica en el colectivo deportivo, además de sugerir pautas dietético-nutricionales para su prevención. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: Pubmed, Scirus y Scielo, así como las páginas oficiales de organizaciones de reconocido prestigio; recuperando artículos mediante las palabras clave: “iron-deficiency anaemia”, “sports”, “athletic performance”, “iron intake” o sus homólogos españoles. La anemia ferropénica afecta principalmente a deportistas de resistencia (especialmente mujeres y maratonianos), así como a los integrantes de deportes de equipo con alto impacto (voleibol y balonmano). Las anemias suelen ser secundarias a hemólisis y estrés oxidativo derivados de la práctica del deporte, pero también se han documentado casos por aumento de las pérdidas de hierro asociadas a la práctica de ejercicio. Las pautas dietético-nutricionales para prevenir la anemia ferropénica en el deportista deberían ir encaminadas a asegurar: una ingesta de hidratos de carbono entre el 60-65% de la energía total diaria, una ingesta mínima de 1,4 g de proteína al día y un consumo de 20-40 mg de hierro por día y separando su ingesta de los principales inhibidores de su absorción (fitatos, tanatos y calcio). Es necesario valorar mediante analíticas el estado de hierro del deportista cada 2-3 meses.

Citas

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Publicado

2013-12-17

Cómo citar

Urdampilleta, A., Martínez-Sanz, J. M., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2013). Anemia ferropénica en el deporte e intervenciones dietético-nutricionales preventivas. Revista Española De Nutrición Humana Y Dietética, 17(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.17.4.16

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